------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       log:  C:\DATA\pres_runoff_endogeneity.log
  log type:  text
 opened on:  18 May 2005, 10:57:55

.  #delimit ;
delimiter now ;
. *     ***************************************************************** *;
. *     ***************************************************************** *;
. *       File-Name:      pres_runoff_endogeneity.do                      *;
. *       Date:           5/18/05                                         *;
. *       Author:         MRG                                             *;
. *       Purpose:        Do-file to replicate results for AJPS version   *;
. *                       of presidential candidates paper where          *;
. *                       dependent variable is presidential candidates.  *;
. *                       Addresses endogeneity issue.                    *;
. *       Input File:     presidential_new.dta                            *;
. *       Output File:    pres_runoff_endogeneity.log                     *;
. *       Data Output:    None                                            *;
. *       Previous file:                                                  *;
. *       Machine:        Home                                            *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. set mem 10m;
(10240k)

. set matsize 150;

. use c:\ajps\presidential_new.dta;

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                           Summary Statistics                          *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. sum;

    Variable |       Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
     country |         0
countrynum~r |       294    87.93197    41.47686          3        198
        year |       294    1980.588     16.4538       1946       2000
    eighties |       294    .0884354    .2844111          0          1
    nineties |       294    .2040816    .4037161          0          1
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
         old |       294     .755102    .4307599          0          1
         cox |        17           1           0          1          1
  enpres_cox |        17    3.129412    1.107172       1.96       5.69
   eneth_cox |        17    1.642941    .7725588       1.01       3.77
      avemag |       276    10.88268     21.9662          1        150
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 coexistence |       294    .0204082     .141633          0          1
 conditional |       294           0           0          0          0
  correction |       294    .0170068    .1295169          0          1
      dhondt |       294    .1734694    .3792982          0          1
   districts |       277    75.43321    128.4021          1        577
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       droop |       294           0           0          0          0
 elec_system |         0
electorals~r |       278    2.028777    1.656156          1         12
        eneg |       252    2.021872    1.169619   1.004012   8.176613
        enep |       255    3.842745    1.869934       1.35      13.77
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 enep_others |       252    3.523333    8.256753          0       66.5
       enep1 |       251    4.347012    4.031235       1.35       46.1
        enpp |       271     3.17786    1.358342       1.12       8.76
 enpp_others |       261    2.320307    8.421831          0         86
       enpp1 |       261    4.114444    11.25567       1.12     178.65
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
      enpres |       289    2.772965    1.137473          1       6.57
     ethfrac |       251    .2888048    .2518241        .01         .9
    ethfrac2 |       241     .281069    .2503868   .0021882   .8687042
    ethfracn |       251    .4360558     .257955        .01        .91
    ethkrain |       171    .3587719    .2454005        .01        .84
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
fractional~n |       252    .3951362    .2232332    .003996      .8777
       fused |       294    .1088435    .3119738          0          1
      fusion |       294    .0034014    .0583212          0          1
        hare |       294    .2278912    .4201872          0          1
   imperiali |       294           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 institution |       294    2.527211     .704162          1          3
instit~n_lag |       288    2.121528    1.111778          0          3
institution2 |       279    2.530466    .7134147          1          3
instit~2_lag |       288    2.131944     1.10587          0          3
leg_altern~e |       294           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
   leg_borda |       294           0           0          0          0
 leg_limited |       294    .0068027    .0823377          0          1
leg_majority |       294    .0612245    .2401504          0          1
leg_plural~y |       294    .1632653    .3702377          0          1
leg_qualma~y |       294           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
  leg_runoff |       281    .1174377    .3225155          0          1
    leg_sntv |       294           0           0          0          0
     legelec |       294    .6598639    .4745625          0          1
majoritarian |       294    .1734694    .3792982          0          1
      medmag |       215    12.84651    24.88801          1        150
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       mixed |       294    .0578231    .2338067          0          1
mixed_depe~t |       294    .0102041    .1006699          0          1
   mod_droop |       294           0           0          0          0
    mod_hare |       294           0           0          0          0
mod_sainte~e |       294           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       multi |       294    .0782313    .2689931          0          1
multi_linked |       294    .0442177    .2059289          0          1
      newdem |       294    .1836735    .3878779          0          1
      number |       179    6.860335    10.75036          1         53
pres_college |       294     .085034    .2794079          0          1
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
pres_major~y |       294    .3673469    .4829041          0          1
pres_plura~y |       294    .3673469    .4829041          0          1
pres_qualm~y |       294    .1428571    .3505237          0          1
 pres_runoff |       294    .5102041    .5007482          0          1
    pres_stv |       294     .037415       .1901          0          1
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
    preselec |       294           1           0          1          1
proportional |       294    .3503401    .4778899          0          1
  proximity1 |       194    .9948454    .0717958          0          1
  proximity2 |       196    .9846939    .1230818          0          1
      regime |       294    .0238095    .1527153          0          1
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
  regime_lag |       288      .15625    .3637242          0          1
  regime_leg |       294           0           0          0          0
      region |       294    7.173469    2.610136          1         10
     region1 |       294    7.078231    2.540592          1         10
reinforced~i |       294           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
        reld |       292    .2802092    .1804728    .005982    .733386
    relfracn |       254    .2609843    .2239393        .01        .83
 saintelague |       294    .0034014    .0583212          0          1
       seats |       286    168.8986    125.8949         16        577
         stv |       294    .0068027    .0823377          0          1
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
superposit~n |       294    .0204082     .141633          0          1
  upperseats |       278    10.10791    30.82914          0        225
   uppertier |       278    5.623741    12.23941          0      77.95
 enep_higher |       248    4.349798    4.056787       1.35      46.17
  enep_lower |       248    4.343226    4.043032       1.35      46.03
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 enpp_higher |       256    4.574961    17.81524       1.12     283.24
  enpp_lower |       256     3.69832    5.161631       1.12      74.05
preselecsy~m |       293     2.05802    1.088567          1          5

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                    Relabel and Define Variables                       *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. label var country  "countryname";

. label var newdem "first election as new democracy";

. label var countrynumber "countrynumber";

. label var year "year";

. label var regime "regime as of 31 December of given year 0=democracy 1=dictatorship";

. label var regime_leg "regime type at time of legislative election 0 = democracy 1=dictatorship";

. label var legelec "legislative election";

. label var preselec "presidential election";

. label var eighties "election in 1980s closest to 1985";

. label var old "elections in countries that did not transition to democracy in 1990s";

. label var nineties "elections in 1990s closest to 1995";

. label var proximity1 "proximity - continuous";

. label var proximity2 "proximity - dichotomous";

. label var enpp "parliamentary parties - uncorrected";

. label var enpp1 "parliamentary parties - corrected";

. label var enep "electoral parties - uncorrected";

. label var enep1 "electoral parties - corrected";

. label var enpres "effective number of presidential candidates";

. label var seats "assembly size";

. label var districts "number of electoral districts";

. label var avemag "average district magnitude";

. label var medmag "median district magnitude";

. label var upperseats "number of uppertier seats";

. label var uppertier "percentage of uppertier seats";

. label var eneg "effective number of ethnic groups  fearon";

. describe;

Contains data from c:\ajps\presidential_new.dta
  obs:           294                          
 vars:            88                          24 May 2004 10:46
 size:        64,680 (99.4% of memory free)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              storage  display     value
variable name   type   format      label      variable label
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
country         str24  %24s                   countryname
countrynumber   int    %8.0g                  countrynumber
year            int    %8.0g                  year
eighties        byte   %8.0g                  election in 1980s closest to
                                                1985
nineties        byte   %8.0g                  elections in 1990s closest to
                                                1995
old             byte   %8.0g                  elections in countries that did
                                                not transition to democracy in
                                                1990s
cox             byte   %8.0g                  
enpres_cox      float  %9.0g                  
eneth_cox       float  %9.0g                  
avemag          float  %9.0g                  average district magnitude
coexistence     byte   %8.0g                  
conditional     byte   %8.0g                  
correction      byte   %8.0g                  
dhondt          byte   %8.0g                  d'hondt
districts       int    %8.0g                  number of electoral districts
droop           byte   %8.0g                  
elec_system     str29  %29s                   
electoralsyst~r byte   %8.0g                  
eneg            float  %9.0g                  effective number of ethnic
                                                groups  fearon
enep            float  %9.0g                  electoral parties - uncorrected
enep_others     float  %9.0g                  
enep1           float  %9.0g                  electoral parties - corrected
enpp            float  %9.0g                  parliamentary parties -
                                                uncorrected
enpp_others     float  %9.0g                  
enpp1           float  %9.0g                  parliamentary parties -
                                                corrected
enpres          float  %9.0g                  effective number of
                                                presidential candidates
ethfrac         float  %9.0g                  
ethfrac2        float  %9.0g                  
ethfracn        float  %9.0g                  
ethkrain        float  %9.0g                  
fractionaliza~n float  %9.0g                  
fused           byte   %8.0g                  
fusion          byte   %8.0g                  
hare            byte   %8.0g                  
imperiali       byte   %8.0g                  
institution     byte   %8.0g                  
institution_lag byte   %8.0g                  
institution2    byte   %8.0g                  
institution2_~g byte   %8.0g                  
leg_alternative byte   %8.0g                  
leg_borda       byte   %8.0g                  
leg_limited     byte   %8.0g                  
leg_majority    byte   %8.0g                  
leg_plurality   byte   %8.0g                  
leg_qualmajor~y byte   %8.0g                  
leg_runoff      byte   %8.0g                  
leg_sntv        byte   %8.0g                  
legelec         byte   %8.0g                  legislative election
majoritarian    byte   %8.0g                  
medmag          float  %9.0g                  median district magnitude
mixed           byte   %8.0g                  
mixed_dependent byte   %8.0g                  
mod_droop       byte   %8.0g                  
mod_hare        byte   %8.0g                  
mod_saintelague byte   %8.0g                  mod_sainte-lague
multi           byte   %8.0g                  
multi_linked    byte   %8.0g                  
newdem          byte   %8.0g                  first election as new democracy
number          byte   %8.0g                  
pres_college    byte   %8.0g                  
pres_majority   byte   %8.0g                  
pres_plurality  byte   %8.0g                  
pres_qualmajo~y byte   %8.0g                  
pres_runoff     byte   %8.0g                  
pres_stv        byte   %8.0g                  
preselec        byte   %8.0g                  presidential election
proportional    byte   %8.0g                  
proximity1      byte   %8.0g                  proximity - continuous
proximity2      byte   %8.0g                  proximity - dichotomous
regime          byte   %8.0g                  regime as of 31 December of
                                                given year 0=democracy
                                                1=dictatorship
regime_lag      byte   %8.0g                  
regime_leg      byte   %8.0g                  regime type at time of
                                                legislative election 0 =
                                                democracy 1=dictatorship
region          byte   %8.0g                  
region1         byte   %8.0g                  
reinforced_im~i byte   %8.0g                  
reld            float  %9.0g                  
relfracn        float  %9.0g                  
saintelague     byte   %8.0g                  sainte-lague
seats           int    %8.0g                  assembly size
stv             byte   %8.0g                  
superposition   byte   %8.0g                  
upperseats      int    %8.0g                  number of uppertier seats
uppertier       float  %9.0g                  percentage of uppertier seats
enep_higher     float  %9.0g                  
enep_lower      float  %9.0g                  
enpp_higher     float  %9.0g                  
enpp_lower      float  %9.0g                  
preselecsystem  byte   %8.0g                  
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sorted by:  

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       First, how many countries have switched from plurality rule to  *;
. *       a runoff system (or vice versa) in a given democratic period    *;
. *       i.e. without an authoritarian interlude.  The answer is just 5. *;
. *       Colombia 1994, Dominican Republic 1996, Nicaragua 1996, Uruguay *;
. *       1999, Zambia 1996. What about the average effective number of   *;
. *       presidential candidates under each system for each country in   *;
. *       the given democratic period?                                    *;
. *       Colombia: Under plurality = 2.27, under runoff = 2.78           *;
. *       Dominican Republic: Under plurality = 2.61, under runoff = 2.87 *;
. *       Nicaragua: Under plurality = 2.11, under runoff = 2.47          *;
. *       Uruguay: Under plurality = 3.36, under runoff = 3.41            *;
. *       Zambia: Under runoff = 1.58, under plurality = 1.81             *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Now let's only include countries that have transitioned to      *;
. *       democracy or that have always had the same electoral formula    *;
. *       for electing the president.  These will be countries where      *;
. *       there were no democratically-elected presidents prior to the    *;
. *       adoption of the electoral formula. Thus, there can logically be *;
. *       no endogeneity problem in this sample.                          *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Would like to drop certain countries that do not fit.           *;
. *       1. Drop Kiribati - not free entry of candidates                 *;
. *       2. Drop elections that ultimately use an electoral college      *;
. *       to determine who wins.  This means dropping Argentina 1946,     *;
. *       1958, 1963, 1983, 1989, United States (all presidential         *;
. *       elections), Finland 1950, 1956, 1962, 1968, 1978, 1982.         *;
. *       3. Drop Ireland (all presidential elections) and Sri Lanka      *;
. *       1994, 1999 since they use STV.                                  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. drop if countrynumber==163;
(6 observations deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==65;
(14 observations deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==113;
(9 observations deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==96;
(2 observations deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==66 & year==1946;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==66 & year==1958;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==66 & year==1963;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==66 & year==1983;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==66 & year==1989;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==106 & year==1950;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==106 & year==1956;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==106 & year==1962;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==106 & year==1968;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==106 & year==1978;
(1 observation deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==106 & year==1982;
(1 observation deleted)

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Now drop observations unless they have employed the same        *;
. *       electoral formula (runoff or plurality) since they have been    *;
. *       classified as democratic.  Now there can be no endogeneity      *;
. *       problem since there were no democratically-elected presidential *;
. *       candidates prior to the adoption of the electoral formula.      *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Drop Colombian presidential elections since 1958.               *;
. *       Drop Uruguayan presidential elections since 1989.               *;
. *       Drop Dominican Republic presidential elections since 1966.      *;
. *       Drop Nicaraguan presidential elections since 1984.              *;
. *       Drop Zambian presidential elections since 1991.                 *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. sum;

    Variable |       Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
     country |         0
countrynum~r |       252    86.46429    42.44475          3        198
        year |       252    1981.444    16.41157       1946       2000
    eighties |       252    .0833333    .2769354          0          1
    nineties |       252    .2222222    .4165671          0          1
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
         old |       252    .7222222    .4487946          0          1
         cox |        14           1           0          1          1
  enpres_cox |        14        3.21    1.154749       1.96       5.69
   eneth_cox |        14    1.721429    .8333607       1.01       3.77
      avemag |       234    11.99073    23.61834          1        150
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 coexistence |       252    .0238095    .1527587          0          1
 conditional |       252           0           0          0          0
  correction |       252    .0198413    .1397322          0          1
      dhondt |       252    .1865079    .3902912          0          1
   districts |       235    59.85957    105.8381          1        577
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       droop |       252           0           0          0          0
 elec_system |         0
electorals~r |       236    2.072034    1.518363          1         12
        eneg |       216    2.102011    1.236922   1.004012   8.176613
        enep |       219    3.958128    1.921759       1.35      13.77
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 enep_others |       216    3.644537    8.811978          0       66.5
       enep1 |       215    4.543023    4.289694       1.35       46.1
        enpp |       235    3.230936    1.381874       1.12       8.76
 enpp_others |       225    2.454222    9.009875          0         86
       enpp1 |       225    4.317956     12.1053       1.12     178.65
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
      enpres |       250    2.791039    1.109777          1       6.57
     ethfrac |       215    .2868837    .2603378        .01         .9
    ethfrac2 |       205    .2877573    .2643915   .0021882   .8687042
    ethfracn |       215    .4480465    .2599765        .01        .91
    ethkrain |       141     .402695    .2432837        .01        .84
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
fractional~n |       216    .4085254    .2299759    .003996      .8777
       fused |       252    .1269841    .3336178          0          1
      fusion |       252           0           0          0          0
        hare |       252     .265873    .4426762          0          1
   imperiali |       252           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 institution |       252    2.599206    .6390975          1          3
instit~n_lag |       246    2.174797    1.116634          0          3
institution2 |       238    2.609244    .6452019          1          3
instit~2_lag |       246    2.186992    1.109143          0          3
leg_altern~e |       252           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
   leg_borda |       252           0           0          0          0
 leg_limited |       252           0           0          0          0
leg_majority |       252     .047619    .2133827          0          1
leg_plural~y |       252    .1309524    .3380196          0          1
leg_qualma~y |       252           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
  leg_runoff |       239    .1129707    .3172213          0          1
    leg_sntv |       252           0           0          0          0
     legelec |       252    .6547619     .476392          0          1
majoritarian |       252    .1150794    .3197528          0          1
      medmag |       180        14.6    26.79215          1        150
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       mixed |       252    .0634921    .2443312          0          1
mixed_depe~t |       252    .0119048    .1086734          0          1
   mod_droop |       252           0           0          0          0
    mod_hare |       252           0           0          0          0
mod_sainte~e |       252           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       multi |       252    .0912698    .2885656          0          1
multi_linked |       252    .0515873    .2216325          0          1
      newdem |       252    .1944444      .39656          0          1
      number |       150    3.773333    3.399855          1         15
pres_college |       252           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
pres_major~y |       252    .4285714    .4958565          0          1
pres_plura~y |       252    .4047619    .4918227          0          1
pres_qualm~y |       252    .1666667    .3734196          0          1
 pres_runoff |       252    .5952381    .4918227          0          1
    pres_stv |       252           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
    preselec |       252           1           0          1          1
proportional |       252    .3849206    .4875449          0          1
  proximity1 |       165    .9939394    .0778499          0          1
  proximity2 |       167    .9820359    .1332203          0          1
      regime |       252    .0277778    .1646626          0          1
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
  regime_lag |       246    .1666667    .3734378          0          1
  regime_leg |       252           0           0          0          0
      region |       252    6.944444    2.578815          1         10
     region1 |       252    6.944444    2.578815          1         10
reinforced~i |       252           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
        reld |       250    .2640121      .16881    .005982    .733386
    relfracn |       218    .2446789    .2105559        .01        .83
 saintelague |       252    .0039683    .0629941          0          1
       seats |       244    155.4672    117.4702         16        577
         stv |       252           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
superposit~n |       252    .0238095    .1527587          0          1
  upperseats |       236    11.66102    33.12779          0        225
   uppertier |       236    6.515339    13.03632          0      77.95
 enep_higher |       212    4.548868    4.321184       1.35      46.17
  enep_lower |       212    4.541557    4.306305       1.35      46.03
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 enpp_higher |       220    4.858455    19.20326       1.12     283.24
  enpp_lower |       220    3.838545    5.537672       1.12      74.05
preselecsy~m |       251    1.760956    .7145834          1          3

. drop if countrynumber==70 & year>1957;
(11 observations deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==76 & year>1988;
(3 observations deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==54 & year>1965;
(10 observations deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==62 & year>1983;
(3 observations deleted)

. drop if countrynumber==47 & year>1990;
(2 observations deleted)

. sum;

    Variable |       Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
     country |         0
countrynum~r |       223    89.55605    44.07707          3        198
        year |       223    1981.126    16.88974       1946       2000
    eighties |       223    .0762332    .2659679          0          1
    nineties |       223    .2286996    .4209402          0          1
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
         old |       223    .6950673    .4614147          0          1
         cox |        11           1           0          1          1
  enpres_cox |        11        3.33    1.257498       1.96       5.69
   eneth_cox |        11    1.687273    .9054291       1.01       3.77
      avemag |       209    11.47517    22.57553          1        150
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 coexistence |       223    .0269058    .1621723          0          1
 conditional |       223           0           0          0          0
  correction |       223    .0224215    .1483831          0          1
      dhondt |       223     .161435    .3687594          0          1
   districts |       210    63.08095    110.8565          1        577
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       droop |       223           0           0          0          0
 elec_system |         0
electorals~r |       208    2.004808    1.561919          1         12
        eneg |       197    2.060478    1.265943   1.004012   8.176613
        enep |       190    4.133579    1.977337       1.59      13.77
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 enep_others |       187    3.809947    9.342548          0       66.5
       enep1 |       186    4.810108    4.542208       1.67       46.1
        enpp |       206    3.319029    1.410308       1.17       8.76
 enpp_others |       196    2.659184    9.595628          0         86
       enpp1 |       196    4.570765    12.94986       1.17     178.65
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
      enpres |       221    2.828008    1.155637          1       6.57
     ethfrac |       186    .3109677    .2609238        .01         .9
    ethfrac2 |       176    .3150207    .2642227   .0021882   .8687042
    ethfracn |       186    .4315054    .2684145        .01        .89
    ethkrain |       122    .3876229    .2561897        .01        .84
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
fractional~n |       197    .3944959    .2297719    .003996      .8777
       fused |       223    .1121076    .3162086          0          1
      fusion |       223           0           0          0          0
        hare |       223    .2600897    .4396702          0          1
   imperiali |       223           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 institution |       223    2.547085    .6618824          1          3
instit~n_lag |       217    2.119816    1.115723          0          3
institution2 |       210    2.557143    .6699792          1          3
instit~2_lag |       217    2.133641    1.107893          0          3
leg_altern~e |       223           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
   leg_borda |       223           0           0          0          0
 leg_limited |       223           0           0          0          0
leg_majority |       223    .0538117    .2261533          0          1
leg_plural~y |       223    .1390135    .3467389          0          1
leg_qualma~y |       223           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
  leg_runoff |       212    .1273585    .3341632          0          1
    leg_sntv |       223           0           0          0          0
     legelec |       223    .6233184    .4856441          0          1
majoritarian |       223    .1210762    .3269497          0          1
      medmag |       158    14.08861     25.9005          1        150
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       mixed |       223    .0717489    .2586522          0          1
mixed_depe~t |       223    .0134529    .1154631          0          1
   mod_droop |       223           0           0          0          0
    mod_hare |       223           0           0          0          0
mod_sainte~e |       223           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
       multi |       223    .0986547    .2988687          0          1
multi_linked |       223    .0538117    .2261533          0          1
      newdem |       223    .1973094    .3988632          0          1
      number |       124     3.41129    3.086851          1         14
pres_college |       223           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
pres_major~y |       223    .4573991    .4993026          0          1
pres_plura~y |       223    .3587444     .480711          0          1
pres_qualm~y |       223    .1838565    .3882386          0          1
 pres_runoff |       223    .6412556     .480711          0          1
    pres_stv |       223           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
    preselec |       223           1           0          1          1
proportional |       223    .3318386    .4719327          0          1
  proximity1 |       139    .9928058    .0848189          0          1
  proximity2 |       141    .9787234    .1448194          0          1
      regime |       223    .0313901     .174762          0          1
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
  regime_lag |       217    .1705069    .3769471          0          1
  regime_leg |       223           0           0          0          0
      region |       223    6.991031    2.682931          1         10
     region1 |       223    6.991031    2.682931          1         10
reinforced~i |       223           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
        reld |       221    .2722115    .1666889    .005982    .733386
    relfracn |       189    .2566667    .2085436        .01        .83
 saintelague |       223    .0044843     .066965          0          1
       seats |       215    157.8605    123.9345         16        577
         stv |       223           0           0          0          0
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
superposit~n |       223    .0269058    .1621723          0          1
  upperseats |       211    12.94787    34.79316          0        225
   uppertier |       211    7.185355    13.55743          0      77.95
 enep_higher |       183    4.821148    4.580216       1.67      46.17
  enep_lower |       183    4.812896    4.564338       1.59      46.03
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
 enpp_higher |       191    5.199948    20.59183       1.17     283.24
  enpp_lower |       191    4.025236    5.911266       1.17      74.05
preselecsy~m |       222     1.81982    .7144051          1          3

. sum countrynumber if enpres>0 & enpres<200 & eneg>0 & eneg<200;

    Variable |       Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
countrynum~r |       195    84.83077    40.38497          3        187

.  sum countrynumber if enpres>0 & eneg>0 & eneg<300 & enpres<200 & pres_runoff==1;

    Variable |       Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
countrynum~r |       130    89.53846     44.8353          3        187

. sum countrynumber if enpres>0 & eneg>0 & eneg<300 & enpres<200 & pres_plurality==1;

    Variable |       Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
countrynum~r |        65    75.41538    27.51244         12        176

. sum enpres if enpres>0 & enpres<200 & eneg>0 & eneg<200;

    Variable |       Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
      enpres |       195    2.945332    1.095659          1       6.57

. sum eneg if enpres>0 & enpres<200 & eneg>0 & eneg<200;

    Variable |       Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+--------------------------------------------------------
        eneg |       195    2.059326     1.26877   1.004012   8.176613

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       195 presidential elections left. 130 runoff, 65 plurality       *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                   Create variables ready for regressions              *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. gen eneg_runoff = eneg*pres_runoff;
(26 missing values generated)

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                               1980s                                   *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. regress enpres eneg pres_runoff  eneg_runoff if eighties==1, robust;

Regression with robust standard errors                 Number of obs =      15
                                                       F(  3,    11) =   18.43
                                                       Prob > F      =  0.0001
                                                       R-squared     =  0.5023
                                                       Root MSE      =  1.0161

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      enpres |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
        eneg |   .2254843   .0338099     6.67   0.000     .1510691    .2998995
 pres_runoff |   .7283481   .7426825     0.98   0.348    -.9062851    2.362981
 eneg_runoff |   .4241026   .3168514     1.34   0.208    -.2732826    1.121488
       _cons |   1.679209   .1728278     9.72   0.000     1.298817      2.0596
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. matrix b=e(b);

. matrix V=e(V);

. scalar b1=b[1,1];

. scalar b3=b[1,3];

. scalar varb1=V[1,1];

. scalar varb3=V[3,3];

. scalar covb1b3=V[1,3];

. scalar conb=b1+b3*1;

. display conb;
.64958688

. scalar conse=sqrt(varb1+varb3*1^2+2*covb1b3*1);

. display conse;
.31504235

. scalar t=conb/conse;

. display t;
2.0619034

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *           What is the effect of eneg as runoff changes in the 1980s?  *;
. *           When runoff is 0, then the effect of eneg is 0.23 (0.03)    *;
. *           When runoff is 1, then the effect of eneg is 0.65 (0.32)    *;
. *           Both significant, but 200% larger in runoff systems.        *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                               1990s                                   *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. regress enpres eneg pres_runoff eneg_runoff if nineties==1, robust;

Regression with robust standard errors                 Number of obs =      45
                                                       F(  3,    41) =    3.01
                                                       Prob > F      =  0.0410
                                                       R-squared     =  0.0725
                                                       Root MSE      =  1.2143

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      enpres |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
        eneg |  -.2079439   .1230175    -1.69   0.099    -.4563829     .040495
 pres_runoff |  -.7507983   .6304382    -1.19   0.241    -2.023994    .5223974
 eneg_runoff |   .3940066   .1520183     2.59   0.013     .0869995    .7010138
       _cons |   3.609991    .539692     6.69   0.000     2.520061    4.699921
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. matrix b=e(b);

. matrix V=e(V);

. scalar b1=b[1,1];

. scalar b3=b[1,3];

. scalar varb1=V[1,1];

. scalar varb3=V[3,3];

. scalar covb1b3=V[1,3];

. scalar conb=b1+b3*1;

. display conb;
.18606271

. scalar conse=sqrt(varb1+varb3*1^2+2*covb1b3*1);

. display conse;
.08930982

. scalar t=conb/conse;

. display t;
2.0833398

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Effect of eneg in plurality systems is -0.21 (0.12).            *;
. *       Effect of eneg in runoff systems is 0.39 (0.15).                *;
. *       Thus, eneg is significant at 95% level when runoff=1            *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Now move on to pooled analyses                                  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                            Full Sample                                *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. regress enpres eneg pres_runoff eneg_runoff, robust cluster(country);

Regression with robust standard errors                 Number of obs =     195
                                                       F(  3,    50) =    6.18
                                                       Prob > F      =  0.0012
                                                       R-squared     =  0.1339
Number of clusters (country) = 51                      Root MSE      =  1.0277

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      enpres |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
        eneg |  -.0513056   .0843529    -0.61   0.546    -.2207334    .1181222
 pres_runoff |  -.4652171   .2959689    -1.57   0.122    -1.059688    .1292539
 eneg_runoff |   .4100921     .12049     3.40   0.001     .1680807    .6521035
       _cons |   2.803038   .1881942    14.89   0.000     2.425039    3.181037
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. matrix b=e(b);

. matrix V=e(V);

. scalar b1=b[1,1];

. scalar b3=b[1,3];

. scalar varb1=V[1,1];

. scalar varb3=V[3,3];

. scalar covb1b3=V[1,3];

. scalar conb=b1+b3*1;

. display conb;
.3587865

. scalar conse=sqrt(varb1+varb3*1^2+2*covb1b3*1);

. display conse;
.10714657

. scalar t=conb/conse;

. display t;
3.3485581

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Effect of eneg in plurality systems is -0.05 (0.08).            *;
. *       Effect of eneg in runoff systems is 0.36 (0.11).                *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                       Established Democracies                         *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. regress enpres eneg pres_runoff eneg_runoff if old==1, robust cluster(country);

Regression with robust standard errors                 Number of obs =     135
                                                       F(  3,    24) =    4.24
                                                       Prob > F      =  0.0154
                                                       R-squared     =  0.2062
Number of clusters (country) = 25                      Root MSE      =  .99619

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      enpres |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
        eneg |  -.0084273   .1584676    -0.05   0.958    -.3354884    .3186338
 pres_runoff |  -.8556126   .5108376    -1.67   0.107    -1.909929    .1987043
 eneg_runoff |   .6367147   .2480464     2.57   0.017     .1247721    1.148657
       _cons |   2.759058   .2952938     9.34   0.000     2.149602    3.368515
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. matrix b=e(b);

. matrix V=e(V);

. scalar b1=b[1,1];

. scalar b3=b[1,3];

. scalar varb1=V[1,1];

. scalar varb3=V[3,3];

. scalar covb1b3=V[1,3];

. scalar conb=b1+b3*1;

. display conb;
.6282874

. scalar conse=sqrt(varb1+varb3*1^2+2*covb1b3*1);

. display conse;
.20201834

. scalar t=conb/conse;

. display t;
3.1100512

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Effect of eneg in plurality systems is -0.01 (0.16).            *;
. *       Effect of eneg in runoff systems is 0.63 (0.20).                *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                       Presidential Regimes                            *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. regress enpres eneg pres_runoff eneg_runoff if institution==3, robust cluster(country);

Regression with robust standard errors                 Number of obs =     135
                                                       F(  3,    30) =    3.28
                                                       Prob > F      =  0.0343
                                                       R-squared     =  0.1772
Number of clusters (country) = 31                      Root MSE      =   1.001

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      enpres |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
        eneg |   -.071898   .0839346    -0.86   0.398    -.2433153    .0995193
 pres_runoff |  -.9914579   .4314903    -2.30   0.029    -1.872679   -.1102371
 eneg_runoff |   .6278163   .2128341     2.95   0.006      .193151    1.062482
       _cons |   2.883411   .1974045    14.61   0.000     2.480257    3.286564
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. matrix b=e(b);

. matrix V=e(V);

. scalar b1=b[1,1];

. scalar b3=b[1,3];

. scalar varb1=V[1,1];

. scalar varb3=V[3,3];

. scalar covb1b3=V[1,3];

. scalar conb=b1+b3*1;

. display conb;
.55591829

. scalar conse=sqrt(varb1+varb3*1^2+2*covb1b3*1);

. display conse;
.20080375

. scalar t=conb/conse;

. display t;
2.7684656

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Effect of eneg in plurality systems is -0.07 (0.08).            *;
. *       Effect of eneg in runoff systems is 0.56 (0.20).                *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                       Established Presidential Regimes                *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. regress enpres eneg pres_runoff eneg_runoff if institution==3 & old==1, robust cluster(country);

Regression with robust standard errors                 Number of obs =     109
                                                       F(  3,    20) =    3.67
                                                       Prob > F      =  0.0296
                                                       R-squared     =  0.2695
Number of clusters (country) = 21                      Root MSE      =  .93882

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      enpres |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
        eneg |    -.02998   .1545795    -0.19   0.848    -.3524273    .2924672
 pres_runoff |  -1.266522   .5188115    -2.44   0.024    -2.348744   -.1842998
 eneg_runoff |   .7519629   .2642005     2.85   0.010     .2008504    1.303075
       _cons |   2.833617   .2918587     9.71   0.000      2.22481    3.442423
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. matrix b=e(b);

. matrix V=e(V);

. scalar b1=b[1,1];

. scalar b3=b[1,3];

. scalar varb1=V[1,1];

. scalar varb3=V[3,3];

. scalar covb1b3=V[1,3];

. scalar conb=b1+b3*1;

. display conb;
.72198285

. scalar conse=sqrt(varb1+varb3*1^2+2*covb1b3*1);

. display conse;
.22330291

. scalar t=conb/conse;

. display t;
3.2331995

. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *       Effect of eneg in plurality systems is -0.03 (0.15).            *;
. *       Effect of eneg in runoff systems is 0.72 (0.22).                *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *                                   THE END                             *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. *     ****************************************************************  *;
. exit;

end of do-file

.          log close
       log:  C:\DATA\pres_runoff_endogeneity.log
  log type:  text
 closed on:  18 May 2005, 10:58:07
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
